1993 Bombay bombings

1993 Bombay bombings
Location	Bombay, Maharashtra, India
Date	12 March 1993 13:30–15:40 (UTC+05:30)
Target	Hotels, office buildings, banks, etc.
Attack type	car bombing
Weapon(s)	13 car bombs (RDX) containing shrapnel
Deaths	257[1]
Injured	713[2]
Assailants	Underworld criminal groups affiliated with Islamic groups with training in Pakistan (D-Company)

Terrorist attacks in Mumbai 1993 2002 1st 2003 2nd 2003 3rd 2003 4th 2003 2006 2008 2011

Terrorist attacks in India (since 2001) Attacks with 50+ deaths in bold 2001: Indian Parliament – Srinagar – 2002: 1st Raghunath Temple – Akshardam Temple – Kolkata – Kaluchak massacre – Qasimnagar massacre – Rafiganj train – 2nd Raghunath Temple – Mumbai 2002 – Kurnool train – 2003: 1st Mumbai 2003 – 2nd Mumbai 2003 – 3rd Mumbai 2003 – 4th Mumbai 2003 – 2005: Ayodhya – Delhi 2005 – Jaunpur train – 2006: Varanasi – Jama Masjid – Doda massacre – Mumbai 2006 – Malegaon – West Bengal train – 2007: Samjhauta Express – Mecca Masjid – Hyderabad – Ajmer Dargah – Uttar Pradesh – 2008: Jaipur – Bangalore – Ahmedabad – 1st Delhi 2008 – 2nd Delhi 2008 – Malegaon/Modasa – Agartala – Imphal – Assam – Mumbai 2008 – 2009: 1st Guwahati – 2nd Guwahati – 2010: Pune – Dantewada – Jnaneswari Express – Varanasi 2010 – 2011: Mumbai 2011 – Delhi 2011

The 1993 Bombay bombings were a series of 13 bomb explosions that took place in Bombay (now Mumbai), Maharashtra, India on Friday, 12 March 1993.^[3] The coordinated attacks were the most destructive bomb explosions in Indian history. The single-day attacks resulted in up to 250 fatalities and 700 injuries.^[4]

The attacks were coordinated by Dawood Ibrahim,^[5] don of the Bombay-based international organized crime syndicate named D-Company, which had also operated as a terrorist organization.^[6][7]

Ibrahim is believed to have ordered and helped organize the bombings in Bombay, through one of his subordinates, Tiger Memon. The bombings are also believed to have been financially assisted by the expatriate Indian smugglers, Hajji Ahmed, Hajji Umar and Taufiq Jaliawala, as well as the Pakistani smugglers, Aslam Bhatti and Dawood Jatt. The Indian authorities have also alleged the involvement of the Pakistani intelligence agency, Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), in the blasts.^[7] Several of the terrorists received arms, ammunition and explosives training in Pakistan, or were recruited from Dubai, UAE.

It is believed that the attacks were carried out in retaliation for the enormous Muslim casualties and widespread damage to the Muslim-owned businesses and properties which occurred during the Hindu-Muslim riots in Bombay between December 1992 and January 1993, in the fall-out of the demolition of the Babri Mosque.^[8]

Contents 1 Prelude 1.1 Background 1.2 Confession of Gul Mohammed 2 The bombings 3 Aftermath 4 Arrests, convictions and verdict 4.1 The Memons 4.2 The Planters 4.3 Accused involved 4.4 Landing agents 4.5 Customs officials 4.6 Policemen 4.7 Sanjay Dutt and friends 4.8 Others 5 Popular culture 6 See also 7 References 8 External links

Prelude

Background

In December 1992 and January 1993, there was widespread rioting in Mumbai following the 6 December destruction of the Babri Mosque in Ayodhya by extremist Hindu organisations. Although there was no loss of life in the incident at the Babri Mosque, a series of riots soon erupted throughout the nation, most notably in Bombay (now Mumbai). After five years following the December–January riots, the Srikrishna Commission Report stated that nine hundred individuals lost their lives and over two thousand were injured, most of them Muslim, in the riots.^[9]

Confession of Gul Mohammed

Three days before the bombings took place on 9 March 1993, a small time hood from the Behrampada slum in North east Bombay named Gul Noor Mohammad Sheikh a.k.a "Gullu" was detained at the Nav Pada police station. A participant in the communal riots that had rocked Bombay the previous year, Gullu was also one of the 19 men handpicked by the gold smuggler and chief mastermind, Tiger Memon and sent to Pakistan via Dubai on 19 February 1993, for training of the use of arms and bomb making.^[10]

Upon completion of his training, Gullu returned to Bombay via Dubai on 4 March 1993, only to find that in his absence the police had picked up his brothers to get him to surrender. In a vain attempt to secure his brothers' release, Gullu surrendered to the police. He confessed to his role in the riots, his training in Pakistan, and a conspiracy underway to bomb major locations around the city, including the Bombay Stock Exchange, Sahar International Airport and the Shiv Sena Bhavan. However, his conspiracy claim was dismissed by the police as "mere bluff".^[10]

The arrest of Gul Mohammed spurred Tiger Memon to advance the date of the blasts which were to coincide with the Shiv Jayanti celebrations in April 1993 to 12 March to pre-empt any police action.^[10][11]

The bombings

At 1:30 p.m. a powerful car bomb exploded in the basement of the Bombay Stock Exchange building. The 28-story office building housing the exchange was severely damaged, and many nearby office buildings also suffered some damage. About 50 were killed by this explosion.^[12] About 30 minutes later, another car bomb exploded elsewhere in the city, and from 1:30 p.m. to 3:40 p.m. a total of 13 bombs exploded throughout Bombay. Most of the bombs were car bombs, but some were in scooters.^[13]

Three hotels, the Hotel Sea Rock, Hotel Juhu Centaur, and Hotel Airport Centaur, were targeted by suitcase bombs left in rooms booked by the perpetrators.^[14] Banks, the regional passport office, hotels, the Air India Building, and a major shopping complex were also hit. Bombs exploded at Zaveri Bazaar, area opposite of Century Bazaar, Katha Bazaar, Shiv Sena Bhawan, and Plaza Theatre. A jeep-bomb at the Century Bazaar exploded early, thwarting another attack.^[15] Grenades were also thrown at Sahar International Airport and at Fishermen's Colony, apparently targeting Hindus at the latter.^[16] A double decker bus was very badly damaged in one of the explosions and that single incident accounted for the greatest loss of life – perhaps up to ninety people were killed.^[15]

Locations attacked included:

• Fisherman's Colony in Mahim causeway^[17]
• Zaveri Bazaar^[14]
• Plaza Cinema^[14]
• Century Bazaar^[14]
• Katha Bazaar^[14]
• Hotel Sea Rock^[14]
• Sahar Airport^[14]
• Air India Building^[14]
• Hotel Juhu Centaur^[14]
• Plaza Theatre near Shiv Sena HQ^[18]
• Lucky Petrol near Shiv Sena HQ^[18]
• Worli^[19]
• Bombay Stock Exchange Building^[12]
• Hotel Centaur, Santa Cruz^[18]
• Area opposite of Century Bazaar^[15]
• Passport Office^[20]

Aftermath

The official number of dead was 257 with 1,400 others injured (some news sources say 317 people died;^[21] this is due to a bomb which killed 60 in Calcutta on 17 March^[22]). Several days later, unexploded car bombs were discovered at a railway station. Terrorist groups based in Pakistan were suspected to be responsible for these bombings, and evidence uncovered pointed to the involvement of underworld don Dawood Ibrahim.

On 25 August 2003, two large and destructive bombs left in taxis exploded in south Mumbai – the Gateway of India and Zaveri Bazaar in the busy Kalbadevi area – killing 52 people, again entirely Hindus and wounding more than a hundred others. Two Pakistan based militant groups, Jaish-e-Mohammed and Lashkar-e-Toiba, were found to be responsible for the attacks. Along with the July 2006 train bombings in Mumbai, these attacks are believed to be in retaliation for the 2002 Gujarat riots in which more than a thousand persons, mostly Muslims were killed,^[23] though the Gujarat government denies such a connection.^[24]

On 11 July 2006, the Chief Minister of Maharashtra during the blasts, Sharad Pawar, admitted, on record, that he had "deliberately misled" people following the 1993 Bombay blasts by saying there were "12 and not 11" explosions, adding the name of a Muslim-dominated locality to show that people from both communities had been affected.^[25] He tried to justify this deception by claiming that it was a move to prevent communal riots by falsely portraying that both Hindu and Muslim communities in the city had been affected adversely. He also admits to lying about evidence recovered and misleading people into believing that some of it pointed to the Tamil Tigers as possible suspects.^[25]

The bombings also caused a major rift within the D-Company, the most powerful criminal organization in the Mumbai underworld headed by Dawood Ibrahim. Infuriated at the bombings, Ibrahim's right hand man Chotta Rajan split from the organization, taking most of the leadership-level Hindu aides such as Sadhu Shetty, Jaspal Singh and Mohan Kotiyan with him. Rajan's split divided the Mumbai underworld along communal lines and pitted Chotta Rajan's predominantly Hindu gang against Dawood Ibrahim's predominantly Muslim D-Company. The ensuing gang war took the lives of more than a hundred gangsters and continues to this day.^[26] Seven of the accused (Salim Kurla, Majeed Khan, Shakil Ahmed, Mohammed Jindran, Hanif Kadawala, Akbar Abu Sama Khan and Mohammed Latif) were systematically assassinated by Chotta Rajan's hitmen.^[27][28]

Arrests, convictions and verdict

Many hundreds of people were arrested and detained in Indian courts. In 2006, 100 of the 129 finally accused were found to be guilty and were convicted by the specially designated TADA court. Many of the 100 are still missing including the main conspirators and masterminds of the attacks – Tiger Memon and Dawood Ibrahim. On 12 September 2006, the special TADA court hearing the case convicted four members of the Memon family for their involvement in the 1993 Bombay bombings.^[29]

Three other members of the Memon family were acquitted by the special TADA court with the judge giving them the benefit of doubt.^[29] The four members of the Memon family are being held after being found guilty on charges of conspiring and abetting acts of terror.^[30] All four of them face jail terms from five years in prison to life imprisonment, that will be determined based on the severity of their crime.^[29] A day later, the TADA court announced that it would start pronouncing the verdict of the thirty-one people charged with transporting and planting bombs.

Yakub Memon, the brother of prime accused Tiger Memon, was charged for possession of unauthorised arms. After the blasts, family members of Tiger, including Yakub, escaped from Bombay to Dubai and Pakistan. Correspondents say Tiger Memon owned a restaurant in Bombay and was allegedly closely associated with Dawood Ibrahim, the chief suspect.^[31]

Except for Tiger and his brother Ayub, the entire family returned to India and were prompty arrested by the Central Bureau of Investigation in 1994. Since then, Yakub has been in custody and is undergoing treatment for depression. The Memon family was subsequently tried in court and found guilty of conspiracy. The defence lawyers have asked for leniency in the sentencing and have caused delays in the process.^[31]

Two of the accused, Mohammed Umar Khatlab and Badshah Khan (pseudonym given by the prosecution to hide his real identity) turned state approvers.^[28]

Dawood Ibrahim, believed to have masterminded the terrorist attacks, is the Don of the Mumbai organised crime syndicate D-Company, largely consisting of Muslims. He is suspected of having connections to several Pakistan based terrorist groups,^[32] such as al-Qaeda and its leader, Osama bin Laden,^[33] as well as Lashkar-e-Toiba^[34] and was declared a terrorist by the governments of India and the United States in 2003. Ibrahim is now wanted by Interpol as a part of the worldwide terror syndicate of Osama bin Laden.^[35] He has been in hiding since the blasts and is believed to be hiding in Pakistan, which the Pakistani government denies.^[36] The Bush administration in the United States imposed sanctions on Ibrahim in 2006.^[37]

The penalty stage of the longest running trial in India's history is still ongoing. In February 2007, prosecutors asked for the death penalty for forty-four of the hundred convicted. The prosecution also requested the death penalty for those convicted of conspiracy in the case.^[38]

The Memons

• Yakub Memon has spent approximately 15+ years in prison. He was sentenced to death by hanging by the Judge, Ashish Roy Pillai.
  • Convicted for conspiracy.
  • Arranging finance and managing its disbursement through co-accused, Mulchand Shah and from a firm, Tejarath International, owned by absconding accused, and brother, Ayub Memon to achieve objectives of conspiracy.
  • Arranged for air tickets through Altafali Mushtaqali Sayyed, East West travels for the youths who were sent for arms and ammunition training to Pakistan. Also made arrangements for their lodging and boarding.
  • Purchased motor vehicles which were used while planting bombs.
  • Requested co-accused, Amjadali Meherbux and Altafali Sayyed, to store suitcases containing arms, ammunition, hand grenades and detonators.

• Essa and Yusuf Memon, brothers of Yakub.
  • Both were charged for allowing their flat in Al-Hussaini building, Mahim to be used for hosting conspiracy meetings as well as storage of arms and explosives.
  • Essa has already spent about 13 years in prison. He was sentenced to life imprisonment for his role in the bombings on October 2006.^[39]
  • Yusuf is a chronic schizophrenia patient, but has spent less than a year in prison. He had also allowed use of his van for planting bombs. Yusuf was sentenced to life imprisonment for his role in the attacks, but granted bail on medical grounds stipulating that he would remain in hospital for treatment.^[40]

• Rubina Memon. Her Maruti car was the first piece of evidence in the trial. She was convicted for allowing the use of her Maruti van, registered on her name, by other accused, who had delivered the explosives and awarded a life sentence.^[41]

• Three members of the Memon family - Suleiman, Hanifa and Raheen were acquitted with the judge giving them the benefit of doubt.^[42]

The Planters

Prosecution has sought the death sentence for all except Imtiaz Ghavate as he is HIV positive. The prosecution has sought a lesser sentence for him.

• Shoaib Ghansar planted an RDX-laden scooter in Zaveri Bazaar that killed 17 and injured 57 others
  • He was also guilty of filling RDX in the scooter the previous night at Al-Hussaini building that killed 17 people and injured 57. He is Asghar Mukadam's cousin.
  • He was sentenced to death by the court on the counts of murder and participating in terrorist act^[43] on 19 July 2007^[44]
• Asghar Mukadam planted an RDX-laden van in Plaza Cinema with Shahnawaz Qureshi that killed 10 and injured 37 others
  • Participated in the loading of RDX in vehicles, on 11 March
  • Collected money from Mulchand Shah and facilitating disbursement of money to other accused
  • Sentenced to death on 19 July 2007.^[43]
• Shahnawaz Qureshi planted an RDX-laden van at Plaza Cinema with Asghar Mukadam, killing 10 and injuring 37others
  • Guilty of taking arms training in Pakistan via Dubai and of loading the contraband in Al-Hussaini building on 11 March 1993.
  • Sentenced to death on 19 July 2007.^[43]
• Abdul Ghani Turk, guilty of parking RDX-laden jeep at Century Bazaar killing 113 and injuring 227
  • Filling RDX in vehicles killing 113 and injuring 227
  • Sentenced to death on 18 July 2007.^[45]
• Parvez Shaikh, guilty of parking a bomb in Katha Bazaar that killed four.
  • Guilty of planting bomb in Hotel Sea Rock, destroying property worth nine crores.
  • Sentenced to death on 18 July 2007.^[45]
• Mohammed Iqbal Mohammed Yusuf Shaikh, convicted for throwing hand grenades in Sahar airport; parking an unexploded RDX-laden scooter in Naigaon
  • Obtaining arms training in Pakistan, loading RDX in vehicles on the night of 11 March
  • Sentenced to death on 20 July 2007.^[46]
• Naseem Barmare, guilty of hurling hand grenades at Sahar airport.
  • Parking unexploded scooter at Naigaum.
  • Acquiring weapon training in Pakistan.
  • Participating in conspiracy meetings
  • Preparing vehicle bombs.
  • Sentenced to life imprisonment and slapped and fined Rs. 2,30,000.^[47]
• Mohammed Farooq Pawale planted an RDX-laden car at Air-India building killing 20 and injuring 84.
  • Parking an RDX-laden van near Sena Bhavan with approver killing 4 and injuring 50
  • Participated in arms training in Pakistan
  • Participated in the landing of arms and ammunition at Shekhadi
  • Sentenced to death on 25 July 2007.^[48]
• Mushtaq Tarani participated in a meeting at hotel Taj Mahal. He did a reconnaissance of the sites for the blasts.
  • Planting at Hotel Juhu Centaur injuring 3 and causing loss of property worth Rs 2.10 crore
  • Planting an unexploded scooter at Sheikh Memen street in Zaveri Bazaar
  • Sentenced to death on 18 July 2007.^[45]
• Imtiaz Ghavate was the only one who did not face death planted unexploded RDX-laden scooter at Dhanji street in South Bombay.
  • He also participated in the landing of RDX, arms and ammunition at Shekhadi. He was present at the Al Husseini building, where vehicle bombs were readied.
  • Sentenced to life imprisonment and slapped a fine of Rs. 2,27,000.^[47]

Accused involved

Mohammed Moin Qureshi, Feroz Amani Malik, Bashir Khairulla, Zakir Hussain and Abdul Akhtar Khan had pelted hand grendes in Mahim Causeway causing three deaths and injuring six. The driver Salim Shaikh, did not pelt any hand grenades.

• Bashir Khairulla convicted for his participation in arms, ammunition and explosives training conducted by Tiger Memon in Sandheri and Bhorghat
  • Convicted for participating in the conspirator's meetings in the house of Mubina Baya and for participating in the filling of RDX in the vehicles.
  • Sentenced to life imprisonment on 20 July 2007.^[49]
• Zakir Hussain was convicted for participating in the arms, ammunition and weapon training in Pakistan, for participating in conspirator's meetings and participating in the filling of RDX
  • Sentenced to death on 24 July 2007.^[50]
• Abdul Akhtar Khan convicted for taking arms, ammunition and explosives training in Pakistan.
  • Sentenced to death on 24 July 2007.^[50]
• Firoz Amani Malik convicted for taking arms, ammunition and explosives training in Pakistan
  • Sentenced to death on 24 July 2007.^[50]
• Moin Qureshi convicted for participating in the arms, ammunition and explosives training, participating in the conspirator's meeting and participating in the filling of RDX in vehicles on 11 March.
  • Was also found guilty for being in possession of 17 hand grenades.
  • Sentenced to life imprisonment on 24 July 2007.^[50]

Landing agents

• Dawood Phanse a.k.a Dawood Taklya (Dawood Baldie). He is guilty of conspiracy, organizing the landing of arms, ammunition and the nearly 3,000 kg of RDX in 57 gunny bags at Shekhadi in Raigad district on 3 and 7 February 1993; attending a conspiracy meeting in Dubai with Dawood Ibrahim and Tiger Memon.^[51]
  • Initially, the prosecution had sought the death sentences, but due to his old age, he was given two consecutive life sentences (to be served concurrently) and fined Rs 2 lakhs.^[52][53]
• Sharif Abdul Gafoor Parkar a.k.a Dadabhai, guilty of bribing officials and police at Raigad to assist in the landing of RDX, arms and ammunition at Shekhadi, showed training camps at Sandheri and Bhor Ghat, transportation of consignment.^[51][53]
  • Sentenced to 14 years imprisonment as he was aware of the content of the contraband, but accquited of conspiracy. He was also fined Rs. 2,00,000, defaulting which he would have to serve three more years.^[53]

Customs officials

• S.N. Thapa, former additional customs collector, preventive
  • Accused of being Guilty of conspiracy. Convicted for getting the information about the landing at Shekhadi and that the main exit point could be in Mhasla Shrivardhan area. He is alleged to have laid a trap at Purarphata on Mhasla-Goregaon road on 30 January. Besides that, his team gave up the vigil after 2 February in spite of the warnings (confessions of co-accused in TADA Court shows that landing actually took place many days after team led by Thapa had left for Mumbai) and that the smugglers, in fact, postponed the landing as they heard from sources that an ambush had been laid for them by Thapa. These accusations stand to be the same even though confessions of others convicted say otherwise. To quote "He (Phanse) also confessed that the duo (Phanse and Parkar)bribed all Customs officers except for Thapa, who incidentally is an accused in the case.".^[54] In the 10,000 page judgement copy provided, TADA Court judge, P.D. Kode resons that even though there is no direct or in-direct evidence against Mr. S.N. Thapa, he is awarded a term of life imprisonment because he was the seniormost customs officer and thus must be knowing about the conspiracy. Till his last days, Thapa proclaimed his innocence and was confident that the greater conspiracy of his wrongful arrest,trial and conviction would be unveiled in the Supreme Court who, in 1994 granted him bail after going through all evidence stating that there is no direct or in-direct evidence to prove that Mr. S.N. Thapa was part in planning, landing or transportation of contraband substances nor that was he aware of any such conspiracy for blasts in Mumbai.^[55]
  • S.N. Thapa died due to lung cancer on 11 April 2008. His family expressed hopes that the supreme court will entertain their quest for the truth.
• R K Singh, Former assistant commissioner of customs,
  • convicted for facilitating RDX landing in Shekhadi after accepting bribe of more than 7.8 lakh Rupees.
  • Had meetings with the accused.
• Mohammed Sultan Sayyed, former customs superintendent.
  • Convicted for facilitating RDX landing in Shekhadi after accepting bribe of more than 7.8 lakh.
  • Had attended meetings with the accused.
• Jaywant Gurav, former customs inspector.
  • Convicted for allowing passage of RDX from Raigad to Mumbai
• S S Talwadekar, former customs superintendent.
  • Convicted for allowing passage of RDX from Raigad to Mumbai

Policemen

• Vijay Patil, ex police sub-inspector
  • Guilty of conspiracy and taking bribe to allow passage of RDX from Raigad to Mumbai
  • Has been sentenced to life imprisonment and 1 lakh rupees fine by TADA court on 22 May 2007
• Ashok Muleshwar, P M Mahadik, Ramesh Mali and S Y Palshikar; all Police Constables
  • Guilty of allowing passage of RDX of arms from Raigad to Mumbai.
  • All four sentenced by TADA court to six years' imprisonment and a fine of Rs 25,000 each on 21 May 2007

Sanjay Dutt and friends

• Sanjay Dutt, convicted and sentenced to 6 years in prison for possessing arms.
• Yusuf Nulwalla, convicted for trying to destroy Sanjay's arms. He has been sentenced to five years rigorous imprisonment with two years further for destroying the arms. Also, he has to pay Rs 25,000 as fine.
• Kersi Adejania, convicted for trying to destroy Sanjay's arms. He has been sentenced to two years rigorous imprisonment. He too has been slapped with a fine of Rs. 25,000 fine.
• Rusi Mulla, convicted for trying to destroy Sanjay's arms. He has been freed by the court but has to pay Rs. 1 lakh to the court.
  • All four have been convicted under Arms Act and had applied for release under Probation of Offenders Act

Others

• Zaibunnisa Kadri guilty for storing AK-56 and hand grenades at the instance of Anees Ibrahim and Abu Salem, she faces a minimum of five years RI.
• Mansoor Ahmed convicted for carrying weapons from Sanjay Dutt's house to co-accused's house has already spent 9 years in prison
• Samir Hingora convicted for conspiracy.^[56] For supplying 3 AK-56 rifles, its magazines and ammunition, hand grenades to Sanjay Dutt's residence as told to by Anis Ibrahim. Prosecution has sought the death sentence
• Ibrahim Musa Chauhan alias Baba Chauhan convicted for supplying AK-56 rifles, its magazines, ammunition, and hand grenades to Sanjay Dutt and Salim Kurla as told to by Anis Ibrahim. He was also convicted for being in unauthorised possession of one AK 56 rifles, 635 ammunition, 10 magazines, and 25 hand grenades, which were recovered by the police
• Ejaz Pathan extradited from Dubai in 2003, participated in Dubai meetings, provided men for landing of arms and ammunition at Shekhadi, for being in possession of arms and sending youth to Dubai for arms training.^[57]

Popular culture

S. Hussain Zaidi released a book by the name of Black Friday - The True Story of the Bombay Bomb Blasts about the 1993 Bombay bombings. It was later made into a film in 2004 by Indian film maker Anurag Kashyap named Black Friday. Babu Janardhanan's upcoming Mammootty-starrer Malayalam film entitled 1993 Bombay, March 12 is also based on the bomb blasts.^[58]

See also

• 11 July 2006 Mumbai train bombings
• 2011 Mumbai bombings
• 2008 Mumbai attacks
• Ayodhya debate
• Black Friday (2004 film) based on the events leading to and the aftermath of the bomb blasts.
• P. D. Kode

References

External links

• At least 48 die in Mumbai blasts in 2003
• 2003 report: "Why is Mumbai a tempting target?"
• BBC On this day - 1993: Bombay hit by devastating bombs